USD Money Supply is Underreported, Hyperinflation Underway #1 Reason to #EndTheFed #ronpaul #OccupyCongress

if this doesnt get the conversation going in Congress, we should occupy the halls until everyone is listening. We will end up like the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany with hyperinflation if we do not stop the Federal Reserve monopoly from depressing the USD and inflating the cost of living and destroying the middle class.

Amplify’d from www.zerohedge.com

Guest Post: U.S. Dollar Money Supply Is Underreported

Copper Crude Crude Oil Federal Reserve Federal Reserve Bank Guest Post Hyperinflation John Exter Lehman Lehman Brothers M1 M2 M3 Money Supply None

Submitted by James Turk, of FGMR.com

US Dollar Money Supply Is Underreported

March 1, 2010 – As the financial crisis has unfolded over the last two years, the Federal Reserve has been responding in a variety of unprecedented ways.  Therefore, it is logical to assume that these never-before-used actions have altered long-established ways of viewing things.  One area that has been impacted is the US dollar money supply.

The quantity of dollars in circulation is being underreported by relying upon the traditional and now outdated definitions used to calculate M1 and M2.  These ‘Ms’ are calculated and reported by the Federal Reserve based on the following guidelines that identify the several different forms of dollar currency used in commerce:

M1: The sum of currency held outside the vaults of depository institutions, Federal Reserve Banks, and the U.S. Treasury; travelers checks; and demand and other checkable deposits issued by financial institutions (except demand deposits due to the Treasury and depository institutions), minus cash items in process of collection and Federal Reserve float.

M2: M1 plus savings deposits (including money market deposit accounts) and small-denomination (less than $100,000) time deposits issued by financial institutions; and shares in retail money market mutual funds (funds with initial investments of less than $50,000), net of retirement accounts.

These esoteric definitions can be confusing, so let’s bring US dollar currency back to basics as the first step to explaining why these definitions are no longer adequate.

There are two types of dollar currency comprising the money supply – cash currency and deposit currency.  Both are used in commerce to make payments.

1) Cash Currency

The cash currency we carry around in our pockets is issued by the Federal Reserve.  Take a look at one of those green pieces of paper, and you will see that they are labeled as a “Federal Reserve Note”.  A note is a debt obligation, and a few decades ago one could take that note to a Federal Reserve Bank and ask them to make good on their debt by redeeming it for silver, or until 1933, gold.

These liabilities of the Federal Reserve are no longer redeemable into anything, and are therefore “I owe you nothing” currency, a phrase made famous by legendary advocate of sound money, John Exter.  Nevertheless, Federal Reserve notes remain a liability of the Federal Reserve.

2) Deposit Currency

Deposit currency is comprised – as its name implies – of dollars on deposit in the banking system.  These dollars circulate as currency when payments in commerce are made with checks, wire transfers, plastic cards and the like.  In contrast to cash currency which circulates from hand-to-hand, deposit currency circulates from bank account to bank account.

Bank deposits take three standard forms – checking accounts, savings accounts and time deposits.  They have different maturities, or tenor, to use a banking term.

Dollars in checking accounts are considered to be the most liquid because they are available on demand.  Therefore, they are part of M1 because they are the most likely deposit currency to be used to make a payment in commerce.  Dollars in savings accounts are less likely to be used to make a payment, but nonetheless are currency because they are spendable.  So they are part of M2, which comprises those dollars less frequently used as currency.

The dollars in time deposits are used even less, but are currency and therefore available for use in commerce when they mature, or immediately if the tenor of the deposit is broken.  They are – depending on the size of the deposit – included in M2 or M3, which is no longer disclosed by the Federal Reserve.   Creating Currency

Having provided this background information, we can now get to the heart of the matter by looking at how currency is created ‘out of thin air’ by the Federal Reserve and banks and the impact of their actions on the monetary balance sheet of the US dollar.

Cash currency of course is simply printed, but every note issued is recorded on the Federal Reserve’s balance sheet.  Basically, the Fed ‘monetizes’ an asset by turning it into currency.

If, for example, a bank sells a $1 million T-bill to the Fed, the Fed ‘pays’ for it with $1 million of newly printed cash currency.  The Fed records the T-bill as an asset and the cash currency it issued as its liability.  These Federal Reserve Notes are the “currency” component in the definition of M1 above.

The creation of deposit currency is similar.  When a bank makes a loan or purchases a security, it records the loan or security as its asset and creates deposit currency as its liability.  Simple bookkeeping entries increase the bank’s assets and liabilities by the same amount.

New deposit currency is created because the bank deposits the amount of the loan in the borrower’s checking account, or similarly, credits the account of the seller of the security it is purchasing.  These dollars are now available on ‘demand’ of the borrower or the seller of the security.

Regardless whether deposit currency is created by the banking system or the Federal Reserve, the net effect is the same – the quantity of dollars increases.   The total amount of deposit currency in checking accounts is the “demand and other checkable deposits” component in the definition of M1 above.

Measuring the Quantity of Dollars

As of January 31st, the quantity of cash currency in circulation (i.e., not in bank vaults) was $860 billion.  This amount comprises 51.3% of M1, which equaled $1,676 billion on that date.  As of January 31st, the quantity of demand and checkable deposits in circulation was $810 billion.  This amount comprises 48.3% of M1.

For historical reasons unimportant to the point of this analysis, the Federal Reserve in the past has only created cash currency.  However, the unprecedented changes it has engineered over the past two years have resulted in a vast amount of deposit currency being created by the Fed.  Instead of purchasing paper from the banking system solely with cash currency – its traditional form of payment to ‘monetize’ assets by turning them into currency – the Federal Reserve since the start of the financial crisis has increasingly relied upon deposit currency to purchase paper.

Regardless how the Federal Reserve pays for the paper it purchases – cash currency or deposit currency – it is creating dollar currency and perforce expanding the money supply.  But the traditional definition of M1 does not accurately capture this process when the Fed uses deposit currency to pay for its purchase.  In fact, it is totally excluded.  Because the Federal Reserve did not create deposit currency in the past, none of the Ms take it into account.

Consequently, the traditional definitions of the Ms are outdated because they do not capture the total quantity of dollars in circulation.  Because M1 is underreported, so too is M2.

Unprecedented Deposit Currency Creation by the Fed

There has been an unprecedented amount of deposit currency created by the Fed over the past two years.  The following chart illustrates this point.  It shows the quantity of demand and checkable deposits, i.e., the amount of deposit currency, at the Federal Reserve since December 2002.

From December 2002 until the collapse of Lehman Brothers in September 2008, the quantity of deposit currency created by the Fed averaged $11.8 billion, an amount that is relatively insignificant compared to total M1.  Presently, it stands at a record high of $1,246.2 billion, which of course is highly significant.

More to the point, none of this deposit currency is captured in the traditional definition of the Ms.  The quantity of dollar currency is therefore significantly underreported, which is illustrated by the following chart.

The Federal Reserve reports M1 to be $1,716 billion as of February 15th.  When deposit currency created by the Federal Reserve is added to the traditional definition of M1, M1 after adjustment is actually 170% higher at $2,918 billion.  Its annual growth increases to 29.5%, nearly 3-times the rate reported by the Fed and more importantly, is an annual rate of growth in the quantity of dollar currency that is approaching hyperinflationary levels.

This restatement of M1 explains why crude oil is back at $80 per barrel; copper is $3.25 per pound; and commodity prices in the main are rising in the face of weak economic conditions.  The US dollar is being inflated and worryingly, the rate of new currency creation is approaching hyperinflationary levels.  Unless the Federal Reserve changes course, the US is headed for a deposit currency hyperinflation like those that plagued much of Latin America in the 1980s and 1990s. Read more at www.zerohedge.com

 

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As Economic Wars Continue, Greece Turns to Iran for Oil #peakoil #currencywars #energywars #peakdebt

Greece's creditors are pulling financing for everything including oil, but energy is the DNA of capitalism and that means the Greek economy can NEVER payback the bailout money and MUST default. The rug is being pulled out from under them... USA stirs up angst over Iran and Greece goes to them for oil...meanwhile there are shortages of fuel all around the globe.. this is peakoil and economic war

Amplify’d from arabnews.com

Greece turns to Iranian oil as default fears deter trade

Outgoing Prime Minister George Papandreou waves to the media as he leaves the presidential palace in Athens. (Reuters)

By REUTERS

Published: Nov 11, 2011 23:35 Updated: Nov 11, 2011 23:43

LONDON: Greece is relying on Iran for most of its oil as traders pull the plug on supplies and banks refuse to provide financing for fear that Athens will default on its debt.

Traders said Greece has turned to Iran as the supplier of last resort despite rising pressure from Washington and Brussels to stifle trade as part of a campaign against Tehran’s nuclear program.

The near paralysis of oil dealings with Greece, which has four refineries, shows how trade in Europe could stall due to a breakdown in trust caused by the euro zone debt crisis, which is threatening to spread to further countries.

“Companies like us cannot deal with them. There is too much risk. Maybe independent traders are more geared up for that,” said a trader with a major international oil company.

“Our finance department just refuses to deal with them. Not that they didn’t pay. It is just a precaution,” said a trader with a major trading house.

“We couldn’t find any bank willing to finance us. No bank wants to finance a deal for them. We missed some good opportunities there,” said a third trader.

More than two dozen European traders contacted by Reuters at oil majors and trading houses said the lack of bank financing has forced Greece to stop purchasing crude from Russia, Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan in recent months.

Greece, with no domestic production, relies on oil imports and in 2010 imported 46 percent of its crude from Russia and 16 percent from Iran. Saudi Arabia and Kazakhstan provided 10 percent each, Libya 9 percent and Iraq 7 percent, according to data from the European Union.

“They are really making no secret when you speak to them and say they are surviving on Iranian stuff because others will simply not sell to them in the current environment,” one trader in the Mediterranean said.

Leading Greek refiner Hellenic Petroleum denied having any difficulty in buying crude and declined to comment on the exact breakdown of oil supplies. Greece’s second biggest refiner Motor Oil Hellas declined to comment.

Greece’s four refineries, belonging to Hellenic and Motor Oil, together can process around 400,000 barrels per day. That figure has fallen to around 330,000 bpd in recent months due to maintenances and upgrades.

“Our crude slate is broadly unchanged over the last few months and we are always viewing to optimise our refining operations,” a Hellenic spokesman said.

“Our supply agreements are based on purely commercial considerations, no other factors interfering,” he said.

Shipping data obtained by Reuters showed four cargoes taking crude from the Middle East outlet of Sidi Kerir on the Egyptian Mediterranean to Greece in September. Three sailed in October. Traders said all carried Iranian Heavy crude and more was coming in November.

“Iran is the only one who might be working on an “open credit” basis right now, given its own difficulty in selling crude,” one trader said.

Imports of Iranian oil to the United States are subject to sanctions but are still fully legal to Europe and Asia. The European Union said this week it may consider oil sanctions against Iran within weeks, after a UN agency said Tehran had worked to design nuclear bombs.

Iran denies trying to build atom bombs and an Iranian official, who declined to be named, said Tehran has no difficulty in selling its oil.

However, shipping sources said that interest in Iranian crude, which is cheaper than competing Russian grades but politically sensitive, has prompted the country to continue storing crude in the Red Sea, to make it available for swift delivery.

The rest of the oil industry drastically cut crude storage last year after forward prices for crude moved to a discount to prompt, making such operation loss-making.

Iran is storing crude in four very large crude carriers (VLCCs) in the Red Sea. Read more at arabnews.com

 

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Founding Fathers of the United States Were Radical Revolutionaries #ows

 #OWS is primarily made up of people who believe that the country is in dire need of massive reform in many areas.



Just because some of the founding fathers had slaves and were Episcopalian and there were no women allowed in the group doesn't mean we have to be that way now.

Amplify’d from en.wikipedia.org

Founding Fathers of the United States

The Founding Fathers of the United States of America were political leaders and statesmen who participated in the American Revolution by signing the United States Declaration of Independence, taking part in the American Revolutionary War, establishing the United States Constitution, or by some other key contribution. Within the large group known as the "Founding Fathers", there are two key subsets: the "Signers of the Declaration of Independence" (who signed the United States Declaration of Independence in 1776) and the Framers of the Constitution (who were delegates to the Federal Convention and took part in framing or drafting the proposed Constitution of the United States). A further subset is the group that signed the Articles of Confederation.[2]

The Committee of Five presenting their draft of the Declaration of Independence to the Congress on June 28, 1776. Painting by John Trumbull. Trumbull's painting can also be found on the back of the U.S. $2 bill.[1]

Some historians define the "Founding Fathers" to mean a larger group, including not only the Signers and the Framers but also all those who, whether as politicians, jurists, statesmen, soldiers, diplomats, or ordinary citizens, took part in winning American independence and creating the United States of America.[3] American historian Richard B. Morris, in his 1973 book Seven Who Shaped Our Destiny: The Founding Fathers as Revolutionaries, identified the following seven figures as the key Founding Fathers: John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and George Washington.[4]

The newspaper publisher Warren G. Harding, then a Republican Senator from Ohio, coined the phrase "Founding Fathers" in his keynote address to the 1916 Republican National Convention. He used it several times thereafter, most prominently in his 1921 inaugural address as President of the United States.[5]

Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States, by Howard Chandler Christy

[edit] Collective biography of the Framers of the Constitution

In the winter and spring of 1786-1787, twelve of the thirteen states chose a total of 74 delegates to attend what is now known as the Federal Convention in Philadelphia. Nineteen delegates chose not to accept election or attend the debates; for example, Patrick Henry of Virginia thought that state politics were far more interesting and important than national politics, though during the ratification controversy of 1787-1788 he claimed, "I smelled a rat." Rhode Island did not send delegates because of its politicians' suspicions of the Convention delegates' motivations. As a sanctuary for Baptists, Rhode Island's absence at the Convention in part explains the absence of Baptist affiliation among those who did attend. Of the 55 who did attend at some point, no more than 38 delegates showed up at one time.[6]

These delegates represented a cross-section of 18th century American leadership. Almost all of them were well-educated men of means who were leaders in their communities. Many were also prominent in national affairs. Virtually every one had taken part in the American Revolution; at least 29 had served in the Continental Army, most of them in positions of command. Several of the latter were instrumental in establishing the Society of the Cincinnati in 1783. Scholars have examined the collective biography of them as well as the signers of the Declaration and the Constitution.[7]

[edit] Political experience

The framers of the Constitution had extensive political experience. By 1787, four-fifths (41 individuals), were or had been members of the Continental Congress. Nearly all of the 55 delegates had experience in colonial and state government, and the majority had held county and local offices.[8]

Thomas Mifflin and Nathaniel Gorham had served as President of the Continental Congress.

The ones who lacked congressional experience were Bassett, Blair, Brearly, Broom, Davie, Dayton, Alexander Martin, Luther Martin, Mason, McClurg, Paterson, Charles Pinckney, Strong, Washington and Yates.

Eight men (Clymer, Franklin, Gerry, Robert Morris, Read, Roger Sherman, Wilson, and Wythe) had signed the Declaration of Independence.

Six (Carroll, Dickinson, Gerry, Gouverneur Morris, Robert Morris, and Sherman) had affixed their signatures to the Articles of Confederation.

Two, Sherman and Robert Morris, signed all three of the nation's basic documents.

Dickinson, Franklin, Langdon, and Rutledge had been governors.

[edit] Occupations and finances

The 1787 delegates practiced a wide range of high and middle-status occupations, and many pursued more than one career simultaneously. They did not differ dramatically from the Loyalists, except they were generally younger and less senior in their professions.[9] Thirty-five had legal training, though not all of them practiced law. Some had also been local judges.[10] At the time of the convention, 13 men were merchants: Blount, Broom, Clymer, Dayton, Fitzsimons, Shields, Gilman, Gorham, Langdon, Robert Morris, Pierce, Sherman, and Wilson. Seven were major land speculators: Blount, Dayton, Fitzsimons, Gorham, Robert Morris, Washington and Wilson. Eleven speculated in securities on a large scale: Bedford, Blair, Clymer, Dayton, Fitzsimons, Franklin, King, Langdon, Robert Morris, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, and Sherman. Twelve owned or managed slave-operated plantations or large farms: Bassett, Blair, Blount, Butler, Carroll, Jenifer, Jefferson, Mason, Charles Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Rutledge, Spaight, and Washington. Madison also owned slaves, as did Franklin, who later freed his slaves and was a key founder of the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society. Alexander Hamilton was opposed to slavery and, with John Jay and other anti-slavery advocates, helped to found the first African free school in New York City. Jay helped to found the New York Manumission Society, Hamilton was an officer, and when Jay was governor of New York in 1798 he signed into law the state statute ending slavery as of 1821. Broom and Few were small farmers. Eight of the men received a substantial part of their income from public office: Baldwin, Blair, Brearly, Gilman, Livingston, Madison, and Rutledge. Three had retired from active economic endeavors: Franklin, McHenry, and Mifflin. Franklin and Williamson were scientists, in addition to their other activities. McClurg, McHenry, and Williamson were physicians, and Johnson was a college president. [edit] Family and finances A few of the 1787 delegates were wealthy, but many of the country's top wealth-holders were Loyalists who went to Britain. Most of the others had financial resources that ranged from good to excellent, but there are other founders who were less than wealthy. On the whole they were less wealthy than the Loyalists.[11] [edit] Demographics Brown (1976) and Harris (1969) provide detailed demographic information on each man. Most of the 1787 delegates were natives of the Thirteen Colonies. Only 9 were born elsewhere: four (Butler, Fitzsimons, McHenry, and Paterson) in Ireland, two (Davie and Robert Morris) in England, two (Wilson and Witherspoon) in Scotland, and one (Hamilton) in the West Indies. Many of them had moved from one state to another. Seventeen individuals had already lived or worked in more than one state or colony: Baldwin, Bassett, Bedford, Dickinson, Few, Franklin, Ingersoll, Hamilton, Livingston, Alexander Martieno, Luther Martin, Mercer, Gouverneur Morris, Robert Morris, Read, Sherman, and Williamson. Several others had studied or traveled abroad. The Founding Fathers had strong educational backgrounds at some of the colonial colleges or abroad.[12] Some, like Franklin and Washington, were largely self-taught or learned through apprenticeship. Others had obtained instruction from private tutors or at academies. About half of the men had attended or graduated from college. Some men held medical degrees or advanced training in theology. Most of the education was in the colonies, but several were lawyers who had been trained at the Inns of Court in London. [edit] Longevity and family life Death age of the Founding Fathers. For their era, the 1787 delegates (like the 1776 signers) were average in terms of life spans.[10] Their average age at death was about 67. The first to die was Houston in 1788; the last was Madison in 1836. Secretary Charles Thomson lived to the age of 94. Johnson died at 92. John Adams lived to the age of 90. A few—Franklin, Jefferson, Madison, Williamson, and Wythe—lived into their eighties. Either 15 or 16 (depending on Fitzsimons's exact age) died in their seventies, 20 or 21 in their sixties, eight in their fifties, and five only in their forties. Three (Alexander Hamilton, Richard Dobbs Spaight and Button Gwinnett) were killed in duels. Most of the delegates married and raised children. Sherman fathered the largest family: 15 children by two wives. At least nine (Bassett, Brearly, Johnson, Mason, Paterson, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Sherman, Wilson, and Wythe) married more than once. Four (Baldwin, Gilman, Jenifer, and Alexander Martin) were lifelong bachelors. [edit] Religion Lambert (2003) has examined the religious affiliations and beliefs of the Founders. Of the 55 delegates to the 1787 Constitutional Convention, 49 were Protestants, and three were Roman Catholics (C. Carroll, D. Carroll, and Fitzsimons). Among the Protestant delegates to the Constitutional Convention, 28 were Church of England (or Episcopalian, after the American Revolutionary War was won), eight were Presbyterians, seven were Congregationalists, two were Lutherans, two were Dutch Reformed, and two were Methodists. A few prominent Founding Fathers were anti-clerical Christians, such as Thomas Jefferson[13][14][15] (who created the so-called "Jefferson Bible") and Benjamin Franklin.[16] A few others (most notably Thomas Paine) were deists, or at least held beliefs very similar to those of deists.[17] [edit] Post-convention careers The 1787 delegates' subsequent careers reflected their abilities as well as the vagaries of fate.[18] Most were successful, although seven (Fitzsimons, Gorham, Luther Martin, Mifflin, Robert Morris, Pierce, and Wilson) suffered serious financial reverses that left them in or near bankruptcy. Two, Blount and Dayton, were involved in possibly treasonous activities. Yet, as they had done before the convention, most of the group continued to render public service, particularly to the new government they had helped to create. [edit] Legacy According to Joseph J. Ellis, the concept of the Founding Fathers of the U.S. emerged in the 1820s as the last survivors died out. Ellis says "the founders," or "the fathers," comprised an aggregate of semi-sacred figures whose particular accomplishments and singular achievements were decidedly less important than their sheer presence as a powerful but faceless symbol of past greatness. For the generation of national leaders coming of age in the 1820s and 1830s – men like Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and John C. Calhoun – "the founders" represented a heroic but anonymous abstraction whose long shadow fell across all followers and whose legendary accomplishments defied comparison. "We can win no laurels in a war for independence," Webster acknowledged in 1825. "Earlier and worthier hands have gathered them all. Nor are there places for us ... [as] the founders of states. Our fathers have filled them. But there remains to us a great duty of defence and preservation."[19] The last remaining founders, also called the "Last of the Romans",[20] lived well into the nineteenth century; for example, Andrew Jackson served in the Revolutionary War, eventually became President, died in 1845, and is now sometimes considered a founding father.[21] [edit] List of the Founding Fathers [edit] Signers of the Declaration of Independence John Adams Samuel Adams Josiah Bartlett Carter Braxton Charles Carroll Samuel Chase Abraham Clark George Clymer William Ellery William Floyd Benjamin Franklin Elbridge Gerry Button Gwinnett Lyman Hall John Hancock (presiding) Benjamin Harrison John Hart Joseph Hewes Thomas Heyward, Jr. William Hooper Stephen Hopkins Francis Hopkinson Samuel Huntington Thomas Jefferson Francis Lightfoot Lee Richard Henry Lee Francis Lewis Philip Livingston Thomas Lynch, Jr. Thomas McKean Arthur Middleton Lewis Morris Robert Morris John Morton Thomas Nelson, Jr. William Paca Robert Treat Paine John Penn George Read Caesar Rodney George Ross Benjamin Rush Edward Rutledge Roger Sherman James Smith Richard Stockton Thomas Stone George Taylor Charles Thomson, Secretary (attesting) Matthew Thornton George Walton William Whipple William Williams James Wilson John Witherspoon Oliver Wolcott George Wythe [edit] Delegates to the Constitutional Convention [edit] Signers of the Constitution Abraham Baldwin Richard Bassett Gunning Bedford, Jr. John Blair William Blount David Brearly Jacob Broom Pierce Butler Daniel Carroll George Clymer John Dickinson Jonathan Dayton William Few Thomas Fitzsimons Benjamin Franklin Nicholas Gilman Nathaniel Gorham Alexander Hamilton Jared Ingersoll William Jackson, Secretary (attesting) Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer William Samuel Johnson Rufus King John Langdon William Livingston James Madison James McHenry Thomas Mifflin Gouverneur Morris Robert Morris William Paterson Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Charles Pinckney George Read John Rutledge Roger Sherman Richard Dobbs Spaight George Washington (president of the Convention) Hugh Williamson James Wilson [edit] Delegates who left the Convention without signing William Richardson Davie Oliver Ellsworth William Houston William Houstoun John Lansing, Jr. Alexander Martin Luther Martin James McClurg John Francis Mercer William Pierce Caleb Strong George Wythe Robert Yates [edit] Convention delegates who refused to sign Elbridge Gerry George Mason Edmund Randolph [edit] Signers of the Articles of Confederation See also: President of the Continental Congress and List of delegates to the Continental Congress The following people signed the Articles of Confederation: Andrew Adams Samuel Adams Thomas Adams John Banister Josiah Bartlett Daniel Carroll William Clingan John Collins Francis Dana John Dickinson William Henry Drayton James Duane William Duer William Ellery Elbridge Gerry John Hancock John Hanson Cornelius Harnett John Harvie Thomas Heyward Jr. Samuel Holten Titus Hosmer Samuel Huntington Richard Hutson Edward Langworthy Henry Laurens Francis Lightfoot Lee Richard Henry Lee Francis Lewis James Lovell Henry Marchant John Mathews Thomas McKean Gouverneur Morris Robert Morris John Penn Joseph Reed Daniel Roberdeau Nathaniel Scudder Roger Sherman Jonathan Bayard Smith Edward Telfair Nicholas Van Dyke John Walton John Wentworth Jr. John Williams John Witherspoon Oliver Wolcott [edit] Other founders The following people are referred to in the cited reliable sources as having been fathers or founders of the United States. Abigail Adams, wife and mother of presidents.[22] John Quincy Adams, president and son of president.[3] Ethan Allen, military and political leader in Vermont.[23] Richard Allen, African-American bishop.[24] Egbert Benson, politician from New York.[25] Nicholas Biddle, banker.[21] Richard Bland, VA delegate to Continental Congress.[26] Elias Boudinot, NJ delegate to Continental Congress.[27] Aaron Burr, VP under Jefferson.[28] George Rogers Clark, army general.[29] George Clinton, NY governor and VP of the U.S.[3] Tench Coxe, economist in Continental Congress.[21] Albert Gallatin, politician and Treasury Secretary.[30] Horatio Gates, army general.[29] Stephen Girard, banker and philanthropist.[21] Nathanael Greene, army general.[29] Nathan Hale, captured U.S. soldier executed in 1776.[22] Patrick Henry, Virginia governor.[26] James Iredell, advocate for Constitution, judge.[3] Andrew Jackson, Revolutionary War POW, POTUS.[21] John Jay, the first Chief Justice of the United States.[4] John Paul Jones, navy captain.[29] Henry Knox, army general.[3] Tadeusz Kościuszko, army general.[30] Gilbert du Motier, marquis de La Fayette, army general.[30] Henry Lee III, army officer and VA governor.[29] Robert R. Livingston, diplomat and jurist.[22] William Maclay, PA politician and U.S. Senator.[3] Dolley Madison, spouse of President James Madison.[22] John Marshall, fourth Chief Justice of the United States.[22] Philip Mazzei, Italian physician, merchant and author.[31] James Monroe, fifth President of the United States[32] Daniel Morgan, military hero and VA Congressman.[29] James Otis, Jr., MA lawyer and politician.[33] Thomas Paine, author of Common Sense.[34] Edmund Pendleton, VA politician, lawyer and judge.[35] Andrew Pickens, army general and SC congressman.[29] Timothy Pickering, U.S. Secretary of State from MA.[36] Israel Putnam, army general.[37] Comte de Rochambeau, army general.[30] Thomas Sumter, SC military hero and congressman.[29] Haym Solomon, financier and spy for Continental Army.[38] Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, Prussian officer.[30] Joseph Warren, doctor, revolutionary leader.[37] Mercy Otis Warren, political writer.[3] Anthony Wayne, army general and politician.[29] Noah Webster, writer, lexicographer, educator.[39] Thomas Willing, banker.[40] Paine Wingate, last survivor, Continental Congress.[41][42] Read more at en.wikipedia.org

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